In the early 1990s, Massimo Costa and Giuseppe Pucacco developed a rigorous mathematical model for transmission line loudspeakers, challenging existing industry assumptions and identifying more effective acoustic stuffing and placement. Their research also incorporated innovative solutions such as Helmholtz resonators to improve performance. This work culminated in the first Albedo project in 1995, a two-way loudspeaker featuring a 4” driver that received excellent reviews and enjoyed commercial success in the Italian hi-fi market.